Clothes washer standards in China -- The problem of water and energy trade-offs in establishing efficiency standards

Currently the sales of clothes washers in China consist of several general varieties. Some use more energy (with or without including hot water energy use) and some use more water. Both energy and water are in short supply in China. This poses the question — how do you trade off water versus energy in establishing efficiency standards? This paper discusses how China dealt with this situation and how it established minimum efficiency standards for clothes washers.